It is this that we call understanding. Presumed familiarity with something is the proper origin of deception and error. Deformity of the soul is characterized by the movement of the soul towards something which it has established as its aim, the scope in the soul where the aim is sighted, but the individual soul is inadequate to the aim; it is unfitted or not suitable to the aim such as seen in the play Macbeth once again. It is assessed internally, but moderated externally. It is a logical relation between two propositions that fails to hold only if the first is true and the second is false; or it can bea logical relationship between two propositions in which if the first is true, the second must also be true. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. Einstein, for example, has been quite clear that it was not reason only that brought about his theory of relativity but that imagination played a great part in its final coming-to-be. In your discussion, defining counts and knowledge will be crucial as well as demonstrating how the images you have chosen illustrate your interpretations of these key terms. 1, AOK: Technology and the Human Sciences Part. One finds the best example of this metaphor in Shakespeares Macbeth and in the motif of sickness that runs throughout that play: Art not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it: what thou wouldst highly,/ That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win(Act 1 Sc. We commonly associate experiencing with an I, a subject or a consciousness. Dianoiais that thinking which brings separate things together and allows those things to be seen as units, ones or monads. In your analysis of your chosen prompt, you need to determine whether or not it is a first-order question and therefore a description or explanation, or whether or not it is a second order question and therefore involves the nature of knowledge, the type of knowledge involved, and how we know. We go to something to see (perhaps with artificial aids such as microscopes) what happens to it under varying conditions, either waiting for the new conditions to arise or intervening to produce them. While the perceived value of a product or a brand in the past usually accrued over time, nowadays the value of a product is truly in the eyes of a beholder rather than in the usefulness or good of the product itself. They should also be applicable for other dealings with things, the things understood and delimited and defined by the project: from your three images or objects, it should be possible to expand the application of your interpretation to many other images or objects not included in the Exhibition. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. The being of beings is sought and found in the representedness of beings that arises through the principle of reason or ratiocination and the account of beings given therein. If the inquiry of your Exhibition wishes to remain a first order inquiry, the age-old advice of follow the money is a good one whether it be about climate change deniers, the lack of ethics in the activities of the world banking system, etc. What this means is that something is, something can only be identified as a being/thing, only if it is stated in a sentence that satisfies the fundamental principle of reason as its founding i.e.. it is the fundamental principle of all that is, including statements made to others. Opinion is Platos justified true belief which he outlines in his dialogue Theatetus. This understanding is grounded in the principle of sufficient reason. The German philosopher Kant grounded this viewing in his Critique of Pure Reason. The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. The principle of reason is what is in operation when we say I get it! in English, for it is the manner in which we take something on, deal with it, perceive it. A current example could be the claims made by Alan Dershowitz, a prominent professor of law from Harvard University, in the impeachment trial of Donald J. Trump. What counts in a project is more like a decision than a discovery; it cannot be correct or incorrect: correctness, and criteria for it, only apply within the light shed by the project i.e. WHAT Object #2 Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? In order to put these questions to the things, the things must already be present and be presented to us in some way. Logosis an assertion about something and an addressing of some thing as some thing. According to Kant, our cognition renders sufficient reasons for the being of objects when it brings forward and securely establishes the objectness of objects and thereby brings itself to objectness, that is, to the being of experienceable beings. The discussion of how knowledges applications are esteemed to have higher value than theoretical knowledge or phronetic knowledge are apropos here, although this was not the case in other cultures at other times. This is just an example of the extraordinary changes in meaning that words have through the centuries and should serve as a warning. https://wordpress.com/block-editor/post/mytok.blog/3676, https://mytok.blog/2019/11/30/ct-1-perspectives-woks/. These have to do with communities. How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? Each student created an exhibition of three objects to connect to one specific question. OT2: Knowledge and Technology. Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes. However, it does not supply a sufficient reason for the shops being closed. They are either accepted or rejected and no further discourse is possible about them. Are some types of knowledge more useful than others? In todays philosophical language this interpretative method is called hermeneutics, and it derives its authority from the premise that all knowledge is historical i.e. Arkadiusz Wargacki People tend to recognize their knowledge as the only correct image of reality surrounding them, as something indisputable and unchangeable. A total world-view cannot understand itself, for from this understanding would come a questioning that would put the total world-view in question. People were willing, and still are willing, to pay outrageous prices for a product with Donald Trumps name on it even though the products themselves have been shown to be of an inferior quality. CT 1: Introduction to Theory of Knowledge: Knowledge and the Knower; 10. When we say that the objectivity of objects is based upon subjectivity we mean that it is not something confined to a single person and something fortuitous to their individuality and situation and discretion; it is not personal knowledge. Part IX: Darwin/Nietzsche: Otherness, Owingness, And Nihilism: Nietzsche/Darwin Part VIII: Truth as Justice: 28. Hence, even though the movie proves how gaining personal knowledge can lead to a change in personal values and beliefs, it does not comply with all the families in the world. True education is the leading out and a liberation towards seeing revealed truth. Bringing this pre-programmed response to light will help you in your search for self-knowledge in that how you interpret things i.e. These multivarious approaches or methodologies are determined a priori by the principle of reason. Education is the experience of the leading out or leading forth, experience understood as, or of, an external, objective event, and the lessons one learns from such events. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/Introduction-to-Theory-of-Knowledge-An-Alternative-Approach-er4qvq, https://anchor.fm/john-rick-butler/episodes/CT-1-Basic-Concepts-equfll, CT 1: Knowledge and the Knower: Historical Background, CT: The Exhibition: A Glossary of Prompts, The Assault on Truth: Real Life Situations (RLS)Observations, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Introduction, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Dewey and Education, OT 4: Knowledge and Religion: Christianity: Thoughts on the Lords Prayer, The Natural Sciences as an Area of Knowledge, The Natural Sciences: Historical Background, Notes on Ancient Greek Philosophy and Modern Science, Darwin and Nietzsche: Part II: The Essence of Truth as Representation, Darwin and Nietzsche Part IV: Metaphysics as Logic: The Grounds of the Principle of Reason. What knowledge itself is does not change, and all knowledge is based on an interpretation. A priori comes from the Latin for what comes before, earlier; the a priori is the earlier. This revealing of hidden things is like the cherry tree that is currently bursting into bloom, revealing what has been concealed regarding its essence up to this time. -There were cruel beliefs linked with this system. It was in direct conflict with that tradition which is known as the history of philosophy. It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. Activities such as gene splicing to produce seed that will not reproduce, etc. The language used by Plato in his dialogues, for instance, is an attempt to get beyond the chit-chat of everyday speech, the language we most commonly use in our everyday dealings with things and with others. Admittedly, our mathematical formulas no longer picture nature but merely represent our own grasp of nature. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. An explanation is a rendering or handing over of an account of things. 31. This prompt asks you to inquire whether objectivity is possible given its assertion of the negative as to whether or not bias is inevitable (See prompt #28). This is the process that you are attempting in your Exhibition, and your report to the IB on your Exhibition will demonstrate this. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. While this is not so much an issue for high school students, it will become very much an issue as they proceed in their education. The greatest constraint placed upon the pursuit of knowledge is that which is imposed by the principle of reason: nihil est sine ratione: nothing is without (a) reason. What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. There are few who would claim to have knowledge of what is going on in modern arts circles is another example. This is really what the writings of this entire blog are about; and this is where thought begins, not where it is finished. I dont understand the link. The fact that the origin of these words is from 19th century German indicates that they are modern understandings of human beings position within the world. -Those beliefs were changed and replaced when the Constitution was signed -Shown through the object What challenges are raised by the dissemination and/or communication of knowledge? Your first step is to ensure that you understand what principles and key concepts are involved in the prompt you have chosen. In what and from where does our word values have its origins? Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. The principle to render sufficient reasons becomes the unconditional demand to render mathematically technically computable grounds for all that is: total rationalization. To disseminate means to spread something widely so that it is available for public viewing; it is a bringing to presence of some thing so that others may be able to view it. It is this gap in our knowledge of what is our own and what is not that is a great mystery for us if we give thought to it. why these three objects or images from an almost infinite possibility?). Opinion is not a seeking for knowledge but is something someone already has whether it be true or false because an opinion can be true or false. It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. What does this mean?What you are attempting to do is to render completeness to the reasons that you are giving for those objects/images that you have chosen. We are obliged to the things about us if we want them to work at their most efficient level. A central feature of tragic literature in the West is that it gives us a view of the implications of what results when knowledge is lacking, particularly self-knowledge. Affects, passions and feelings (the manner in which we conceive of emotion) are not to be seen as inner experiences: what we are concerned with here is not psychology, not even a psychology underpinned by physiology and biology, but . For example, if we want our automobiles to perform at optimum efficiency, we are obliged, we owe it to the automobiles to maintain them properly. did not belong to Mr. Gates but came from outside of him. They were brought to their current prominence by the German sociologist/philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, the man considered to be the father of the modern understanding of the human sciences. A good explanation, like good evidence, provides reasons for the answers to the questions whence, why and how. What is the relationship between knowledge and culture? The principle of reason founds all principles as principles. A sufficient reason is the identification of a subject or theme with its predicates; it is the identification of the causes for some things being what and how it is. The concept of a culture is 19th century thought for what we call cultures are historically determined and the knowledge brought forward from them will also be historically determined. How can we distinguish between knowledge, belief and opinion? This evidence or explanation will find its grounds in the principle of sufficient reason. To reckon means to orient something in terms of something, to represent something as something. What we call our knowledge requires that what we consider the knowledge to be must be rendered or handed over to others so that it may be justified and made secure. The reason rendered must be asufficient reason:that is, that it be completely satisfactory as an account. The comment should also justify the inclusion of the object in the exhibition and explain its links to the IA prompt (i.e. But even today, the principle of reason is not clearly understood as that which determines all cognition and behaviour.