UA is further situated in the powerful, far-reaching influences of urbanization processes that occur within and beyond these spaces. Over the long term and at global scales, economic growth and development will be constrained by finite resources and the biophysical limits of the planet to provide the resources required for development, industrialization, and urbanization. Proper land-use designation and infrastructure planning can remedy the effects of urban growth. Fill in the blanks. What are five responses to urban sustainability challenges? Therefore, the elimination of these obstacles must start by clarifying the nature of the issue, identifying which among the obstacles are real and which can be handled by changing perceptions, concerns, and priorities at the city level. Specific strategies can then be developed to achieve the goals and targets identified. The major causes of suburban sprawl are housing costs,population growth,lack of urban planning, andconsumer preferences. Thus, urban sustainability cannot be limited to what happens within a single place. Thinking about cities as closed systems that require self-sustaining resource independence ignores the concepts of comparative advantage or the benefits of trade and economies of scale. It must be recognized that ultimately all sustainability is limited by biophysical limits and finite resources at the global scale (e.g., Burger et al., 2012; Rees, 2012). suburban sprawl, sanitation, air and water quality, climate change, energy use, and the ecological footprint of cities. Community engagement will help inform a multiscale vision and strategy for improving human well-being through an environmental, economic, and social equity lens. First, large data gaps exist. However,. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book. Waste management systems have the task of managing current and projected waste processing. 1 Planetary boundaries define, as it were, the boundaries of the planetary playing field for humanity if we want to be sure of avoiding major human-induced environmental change on a global scale (Rockstrm et al., 2009). Principle 2: Human and natural systems are tightly intertwined and come together in cities. 3, Industrial Pollution in Russia (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Industry_in_Russia.jpg), by Alt-n-Anela (https://www.flickr.com/people/47539533@N05), licensed by CC-BY-2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en), Fig. Information is needed on how the processes operate, including by whom and where outcomes and inputs are determined as well as tipping points in the system. Long-term policies and institutionalized activities that can promote greater equity can contribute to the future of sustainable cities. Ultimately, the laws of thermodynamics limit the amount of useful recycling. outside of major urban areas with separate designations for residential, commercial, entertainment, and other services, usually only accessible by car. As networks grow between extended urban regions and within cities, issues of severe economic, political, and class inequalities become central to urban sustainability. The strategies employed should match the context. True or false? Poor waste management can lead to direct or indirect pollution of water, air, and other resources. Fig. Urban sustainability challenges 5. A concern for sustainable development retains these conventional concerns and adds two more. When cities begin to grow quickly, planning and allocation of resources are critical. While urban areas can be centers for social and economic mobility, they can also be places with significant inequality, debility, and environmental degradation: A large proportion of the worlds population with unmet needs lives in urban areas. Furthermore, this studys findings cross-validate the findings of earlier work examining the recession-induced pollution reductions of the early 1980s. Meeting development goals has long been among the main responsibilities of urban leaders. Farmland protection policies are policies that prevent the conversion of agricultural land to anything non-agricultural-related. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website. Understanding these interconnections within system boundaries, from urban to global, is essential to promote sustainability. Sustainability is a community concern, not an individual one (Pelletier, 2010). For the APHG Exam, remember these six main challenges! Efforts have been made by researchers and practitioners alike to create sets of indicators to assist in measuring and comparing the sustainability of municipalities, but few thresholds exist, and those that do often seem unattainable to municipal leaders. Water resources in particular are at a greater risk of depletion due to increased droughts and floods. In a kickoff event at UCLA's Royce Hall (see event video), Chancellor Gene Block will describe the ambitious project . How does air pollution contribute to climate change? The six main challenges to urban sustainability include: suburban sprawl, sanitation, air and water quality, climate change, energy use, and the ecological footprint of cities. For a pollutantthe sustainable rate of emission can be no greater than the rate at which that pollutant can be recycled, absorbed, or rendered harmless in its sink. How can farmland protection policies respond tourban sustainability challenges? . The clean-up for these can be costly to cities and unsustainable in the long term. In this context, we offer four main principles to promote urban sustainability, each discussed in detail below: Principle 1: The planet has biophysical limits. regional planning efforts, urban growth boundaries, farmland protection policies, greenbelts, and redevelopment of brownfields. A large suburban development is built out in the countryside. The results do show that humans global ecological footprint is already well beyond the area of productive land and water ecosystems available on Earth and that it has been expanding in the recent decades. Human well-being and health are the cornerstones of livable and thriving cities although bolstering these relationships with myopic goals that improve human prosperity while disregarding the health of natural urban and nonurban ecosystems will only serve to undermine both human and environmental. Although perfect class and economic equality is not possible, severe urban disparities should remain in check if cities are to realize their full potential and become appealing places of choice for multigenerational urban dwellers and new urban immigrants alike. and the second relates to horizontal autonomy, which is a function of the citys relationship with local economic and social groups that the city depends on for its financial and political support. October 15, 2015. In other words, the challenges are also the reasons for cities to invest in sustainable urban development. Examples include smoke and dust. This is a challenge because it promotes deregulated unsustainable urban development, conversion of rural and farmland, and car dependency. (2015), and Rosado et al. . Urban sustainability is therefore a multiscale and multidimensional issue that not only centers on but transcends urban jurisdictions and which can only be addressed by durable leadership, citizen involvement, and regional partnerships as well as vertical interactions among different governmental levels. ir quality and water resources can be protected through proper quality management and government policy. of the users don't pass the Challenges to Urban Sustainability quiz! These can be sites where previous factories, landfills, or other facilities used to operate. Complementary research showed that clean air regulations have reduced infant mortality and increased housing prices (Chay and Greenstone, 2005; EPA, 1999). One challenge in the case of cities, however, is that many of these shared resources do not have definable boundaries such as land. First, greater and greater numbers of people are living in urban areasand are projected to do so for the foreseeable future. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Fertilizers, pesticides, and insecticides. Principle 3: Urban inequality undermines sustainability efforts. How can a city's ecological footprint be a challenge to urban sustainability? Since materials and energy come from long distances around the world to support urban areas, it is critical for cities to recognize how activities and consumption within their boundaries affect places and people outside their boundaries. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. This means the air quality is at the level of concern of ____. Proper disposal, recycling, and waste management are critical for cities. In an era that is characterized by global flows of commodities, capital, information, and people, the resources to support urban areas extend the impacts of urban activities along environmental, economic, and social dimensions at national and international levels, and become truly global; crossing these boundaries is a prerequisite for sustainable governance. Poor waste management likewise can harm the well-being of residents through improper waste disposal. MyNAP members SAVE 10% off online. when people exceed the resources provided by a location. Key variables to describe urban and environmental systems and their interrelationships; Measurable objectives and criteria that enable the assessment of these interrelationships; and. Classifying these indicators as characterizing a driver, a pressure, the state, the impact, or a response may allow for a detailed approach to be used even in the absence of a comprehensive theory of the phenomena to be analyzed. The overall ecological footprint of cities is high and getting higher. However, some cities are making a much more concerted effort to understand the full range of the negative environmental impacts they produce, and working toward reducing those impacts even when impacts are external to the city itself. Examples of Urban Sustainability Challenges By 2045, the world's urban population will increase by 1.5 times to 6 billion. A set of standards that are required of water in order for its quality to be considered high. In short, urban sustainability will require a reconceptualization of the boundaries of responsibility for urban residents, urban leadership, and urban activities. Poor resource management can not only affect residents in cities but also people living in other parts of the world. The six main challenges to urban sustainability include: Other urban sustainability challenges include industrial pollution, waste management, and overpopulation. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Resources Cities need resources such as water, food and energy to be viable. There are many policy options that can affect urban activities such that they become active and positive forces in sustainably managing the planets resources. Assessing a citys environmental impacts at varying scales is extremely difficult. The future of urban sustainability will therefore focus on win-win opportunities that improve both human and natural ecosystem health in cities. The task is, however, not simple. Water conservation schemes can then be one way to ensure both the quantity and quality of water for residents. Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Ecological footprint calculations show that the wealthy one-fifth of the human family appropriates the goods and life support services of 5 to 10 hectares (12.35 to 24.70 acres) of productive land and water per capita to support their consumer lifestyles using prevailing technology. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Efforts to reduce severe urban disparities in public health, economic prosperity, and citizen engagement allow cities to improve their full potential and become more appealing and inclusive places to live and work (UN, 2016b). Each city's challenges are unique; however, many have implemented one or more of the following in their efforts to develop their own integrated solutions: 2 Urban Sustainability Indicators and Metrics, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Pathways to Urban Sustainability: Challenges and Opportunities for the United States. To analyze the measures taken at an urban level as a response to the challenges posed by the pandemic (RQ1), we used a set of criteria. Climate change overall threatens cities and their built infrastructure. So Paulo Statement on Urban Sustainability: A Call to Integrate Our Responses to Climate Change, Biodiversity Loss, and Social Inequality . In most political systems, national governments have the primary role in developing guidelines and supporting innovation allied to regional or global conventions or guidelines where international agreement is reached on setting such limits. Finally, the greater challenge of overpopulation from urban growth must be addressed and responded to through sustainable urban development. More than half the worlds population lives in urban areas, with the U.S. percentage at 80 percent. Poor resource management can not only affect residents in cities but also people living in other parts of the world. This lens is needed to undergird and encourage collaborations across many organizations that will enable meaningful pathways to urban sustainability. Indeed, often multiple cities rely on the same regions for resources. These goals do not imply that city and municipal authorities need be major providers of housing and basic services, but they can act as supervisors and/or supporters of private or community provision. How can urban growth boundaries respond tourban sustainability challenges? Nongovernmental organizations and private actors such as individuals and the private sector play important roles in shaping urban activities and public perception. For instance, greater regional planning efforts are necessary as cities grow and change over time. Sustainable management of resources and limiting the impact on the environment are important goals for cities. The following discussion of research and development needs highlights just a few ways that science can contribute to urban sustainability. A comprehensive strategy in the form of a roadmap, which incorporates these principles while focusing on the interactions among urban and global systems, can provide a framework for all stakeholders engaged in metropolitan areas, including local and regional governments, the private sector, and nongovernmental organizations, to enable meaningful pathways to urban sustainability. Restrictive housing covenants, exclusionary zoning, financing, and racism have placed minorities and low-income people in disadvantaged positions to seek housing and neighborhoods that promote health, economic prosperity, and human well-being (Denton, 2006; Rabin, 1989; Ritzdorf, 1997; Sampson, 2012; Tilley, 2006). Statement at NAS Exploratory Meeting, Washington, DC. Currently, many cities have sustainability strategies that do not explicitly account for the indirect, distant, or long-lived impacts of environmental consumption throughout the supply and product chains. The COVID-19 pandemic is likely to influence Europe's transition towards more environmentally sustainable urbanisation patterns for years to come. These win-win efficiencies will often take advantage of economies of scale and adhere to basic ideas of robust urbanism, such as proximity and access (to minimize the time and costs of obtaining resources), density and form (to optimize the use of land, buildings, and infrastructure), and connectedness (to increase opportunities for efficient and diverse interactions). Getting an accurate picture of the environmental impacts of all human activity, including that of people working in the private sector, is almost impossible. transportation, or waste. . Characterizing the urban metabolism constitutes a priority research agenda and includes quantification of the inputs, outputs, and storage of energy, water, nutrients, products, and wastes, at an urban scale. The results imply that poor air quality had substantial effects on infant health at concentrations near the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencymandated air quality standard and that roughly 1,300 fewer infants died in 1972 than would have in the absence of the Act. Each of these urban sustainability challenges comes with its own host of issues. A practitioner could complement the adopted standard(s) with additional indicators unique to the citys context as necessary. UA is thus integral to the prospect of Urban Sustainability as SDG 11 ("Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable") of the U.N.'s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Urbanization is a global phenomenon with strong sustainability implications across multiple scales. View our suggested citation for this chapter. 3 Principles of Urban Sustainability: A Roadmap for Decision Making. Another kind of waste produced by businesses is industrial waste, which can include anything from gravel and scrap metal to toxic chemicals. What are some effects of air pollution on society. The challenges to urban sustainability are often the very same challenges that motivate cities to be more sustainable in the first place. As described in Chapter 2, many indicators and metrics have been developed to measure sustainability, each of which has its own weaknesses and strengths as well as availability of data and ease of calculation. urban sustainability in the long run. All different types of waste must be properly managed in cities. Ultimately, all the resources that form the base on which urban populations subsist come from someplace on the planet, most often outside the cities themselves, and often outside of the countries where the cities exist. Science can also contribute to these pathways by further research and development of several key facets of urban areas including urban metabolism, threshold detection of indicators, comprehension of different data sets, and further exploration of decision-making processes linked across scales. (2012) argued that the laws of thermodynamics and biophysical constraints place limitations on what is possible for all systems, including human systems such as cities. For a renewable resourcesoil, water, forest, fishthe sustainable rate of use can be no greater than the rate of regeneration of its source. These areas can both improve air quality, preserve natural habitats for animals, and allow for new recreational opportunities for residents. These tools should provide a set of indicators whose political relevance refers both to its usefulness for securing the fulfillment of the vision established for the urban system and for providing a basis for national and international comparisons, and the metrics and indicators should be policy relevant and actionable. The sustainability of a city cannot be considered in isolation from the planets finite resources, especially given the aggregate impact of all cities. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. How can air and water quality be a challenge to urban sustainability? This common approach can be illustrated in the case of urban food scraps collection where many cities first provided in-kind support to individuals and community groups offering collection infrastructure and services, then rolled out programs to support social norming in communities (e.g., physical, visible, green bins for residents to be put out at the curb), and finally banned organics from landfills, providing a regulatory mechanism to require laggards to act. Sustainable development can be implemented in ways that can both mitigate the challenges of urban sustainability and address the goals. Together, cities can play important roles in the stewardship of the planet (Seitzinger et al., 2012). These strategies should not be developed in isolation, but rather in collaboration with, or ideally, developed by, the practitioners responsible for achieving the goals and targets. The spread and continued growth of urban areas presents a number of concerns for a sustainable future, particularly if cities cannot adequately address the rise of poverty, hunger, resource consumption, and biodiversity loss in their borders. Second, cities exist as part of integrated regional and global systems that are not fully understood. Launched at the ninth session of the World Urban Forum (WUF9 . This kind of waste is produced by factories or power plants. Some obstacles a sustainable city can face can range from urban growth to climate change effects. How can energy use be a challenge to urban sustainability? In order to facilitate the transition toward sustainable cities, we suggest a decision framework that identifies a structured but flexible process that includes several critical elements (Figure 3-1). If development implies extending to all current and future populations the levels of resource use and waste generation that are the norm among middle-income groups in high-income nations, it is likely to conflict with local or global systems with finite resources and capacities to assimilate wastes.
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