29 0 obj 25 0 obj /StructParents 0 >> According to WalterLippmann's arguments in his classic book PublicOpinion,[13] people are not equipped to deal with complexity. women, gay people, Asians), Event schemas/scripts: knowledge structures about events(e.g. /FirstChar 32 -Analytical thinking: focuses on objects, central figure. /StructParents 9 What is the motivation of the flawed scientist? 12 0 obj June 30, 2022 . [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. economic zones to fisheries. >> /F1 21 0 R Cognitive misers usually act in two ways: by ignoring part of the information to reduce their own cognitive load, or by overusing some kind of information to avoid finding more information. /CS /DeviceRGB /F2 22 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /F6 26 0 R The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain how and why people are cognitive misers. . /Group << /F2 22 0 R What is the power of single vivid instances? What is the dual process model of persuasion? On what dimensions do cultures differ? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] -Obedience: submission to authority -Participants were with a confederate where the participant took on the role of a teacher and the confederate a student, they had to administer increasingly painful shocks in response to wrong answers, if they hesitated the experimenter encouraged them to continue Known as the knowledge deficit model, this point of view is based on idealistic assumptions that education for science literacy could increase public support of science, and the focus of science communication should be increasing scientific understanding among lay public. ->Collectivist cultures show more conformity, Psych Guide #10 - Health / Stress and Abnorma, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. 5 [166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R >> They are often surprised by the complex reality of the world. [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. The process of understanding what something is by knowing What is the purpose of the accounting cycle? /GS7 27 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -Emotion: Americans rated the central figure without basing it off of those around it, Japanese was opposite. AS such, categorization provides 0 0 0 611 611 667 0 611 611 722 "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes." /F4 24 0 R The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. 322 0 R 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R Rather than using an in-depth understanding of scientific topics, people make decisions based on other shortcuts or heuristics such as ideological predistortions or cues from mass media, and therefore use only as much information as necessary. -Between groups: overestimate differences, view the other groups as more homogeneous. [30] Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /CS /DeviceRGB If the statement is always true, explain why. /F5 25 0 R (John, Hampson, & Goldberg, Theories about the human personality have been brought up since the early ages of psychology. 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R] /CS /DeviceRGB List and Describe the Algebraic Impression Formation types: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. endobj /Type /Page category based and other attribute based, on this continuum people can be perceived 2 [91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R 97 0 R 98 0 R 99 0 R 100 0 R /Font << /CS /DeviceRGB what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? /CS /DeviceRGB schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work /Contents 39 0 R Gordon Pennycook . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jennifer A. . /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) >> 2011 . Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 points What general approach to studying and thinking about person perception assumes that people will generally put in little effort to thinking about the causes of other people's behavior? 5 0 obj /Resources << System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. How fundamental is the fundamental attribution theory? *P?9-(A4wP"gr=I @OkZR+tfOBT$!/47(}X0N>q*0@pa 6G$B3WG$ucj?d7tN%1LiWmqw orY;M#a~)vTiU o2"yHaUr@JiilHcGo'5"I;Y?D-'y~ [33] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. 27 0 obj /Type /Page /Subtype /Type1 >> The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristic s and attributional bias es to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. /Subtype /TrueType /ExtGState << What is social facilitation? -Eastern: interdependent self, permeable relational, in the context of relationships with other people -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Cognitive miser". -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive 20 0 obj /ParentTree 19 0 R 5,000 & 8,000 \\ -Holistic thinking: focuses on the surroundings, central figure and foreground >> /Contents 45 0 R c. Cognitive miser model d. Nave scientist model 6. /ExtGState << When does it occur? [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] You could also do it yourself at any point in time. clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). ", -Kurt Lewin: influences - fascism / final solution and gestalt principle (things are assigned by humans). /Subtype /Type1 What factors affect obedience? /CA 1 /S /Transparency When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. %PDF-1.3 What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? << -Those with analytical thinking were more likely to focus on attributions of the individual person and vice versa. Cookie policy. In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. 6 0 obj /F1 21 0 R /S /Transparency What is the Fundamental Attribution Error? Does a flawed scientist use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? . Essentially, they ask themselves this: "Based on what I know about the candidate personally, what is the probability that this presidential candidate was a good governor? [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of socialpsychology research that questioned its explanatory power. What is social comparison theory? [10][pageneeded] Thus, attribution theory emerged from the study of the ways in which individuals assess causal relationships and mechanisms. -automatic responses, eye contact, speech problems, etc, -Minimal intergroup paradigm: the minimal conditions required for discrimination to occur between groups. Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others >> [39][originalresearch? /BM /Normal On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. << naive scientist cognitive miser motivated tactician Consistency seeker we want consistency between prior beliefs about the world and our interpretations of new situations Naive scientist individuals gather relevant information un-selectively and construct social reality in an unbiased way Cognitive miser [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 333 333 A pragmatic social cognitive psychology covers a lot of territory, mostly in personality and social psychology but also in clinical, counseling, and school psychologies. /Author (Fiske) The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. A question arises, but System 1 does not generate an answer. What are the major forms of household income? >> << << \end{array} [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /CS /DeviceRGB They argue that people start the process of impression formation by ->paying an increase of the original price for extras perception of our world. /Resources << /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /F3 23 0 R /F1 21 0 R Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. /Type /StructElem -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? /GS8 28 0 R [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. The hypothesis that perceivers usually rely on simple rules to make judgments and engage in careful, thoughtful processing only when necessary has been called the cognitive miser model of information processing (Fiske and Taylor, 1984). [23], Cognitive misers could also be one of the contributors to the prisoner's dilemma in gaming theory. The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? Suppose that the marginal cost of mining diamonds is constant at $1,000 per diamond, and the demand for diamonds is described by the following schedule: PriceQuantity$8,0005,000diamonds7,0006,0006,0007,0005,0008,0004,0009,0003,00010,0002,00011,0001,00012,000\begin{array}{rl} /Widths [278] 8 0 obj Change occurs via exposure to schema-inconsistent evidence: book-keeping: change is gradual, as evidence accumulates, conversion: change is sudden, after critical mass of evidence, sub-typing: sub-categories to accommodate evidence, Cognitive shortcuts that provide adequately accurate inferences formost of us, most of the time. >> basically pick one or the other depending on which one the situation favours. endobj What is situated social cognition? Schemas can be useful because they allow us to take shortcuts when interpret Schemas are mental structures people use to organize knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects. -In-group bias: tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group /F1 21 0 R Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. /Tabs /S /GS8 28 0 R /Font << -Ethic of social responsibility: being the target is frustrating endobj [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /F4 24 0 R be a cognitive miser, and second categorization clarifies and redefines our Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. [9], In order to meet these needs, nave scientists make attributions. /Type /Group /Annotation /Sect objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. /Group << /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding [2], People are limited in their capacity to process information, so they take shortcuts whenever they can. Stereotypes are formed from the outside sources which identified with people's own interests and can be reinforced since people could be impressed by those facts that fit their philosophy. -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. >> ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. /GS7 27 0 R /F1 21 0 R In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. What percentage of participants administered at least some shocks? When does anonymity lead to negative social behaviors? The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /Type /Font /S /Transparency This second effect helped to lay the foundation for Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser. >> [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . What two factors explain the bystander effect: What is pluralistic ignorance? /GS8 28 0 R /Group << Naive scientist b. /StructParents 8 Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices.[38]. << What is the difference between them? heuristics in judgment and decision-making, Human inference: strategies and shortcomings of social judgment, Like goes with like: the role of representativeness in erroneous and pseudoscientific beliefs, Science and selection: essays on biological evolution and the philosophy of science, 3 MESSAGES AND HEURISTICS: HOW AUDIENCES FORM ATTITUDES ABOUT EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government. How does the brain respond to social rejection? >> 444 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Define 'groupthink' and describe its symptoms and impact on decision making. << Motivation does affect the activation and use of stereotypes and prejudices. >> 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. /Type /Page naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. endobj [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-information voters. affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. Book: Stanovich, Keith E. . To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. /Tabs /S How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? What is conformity? What kinds of information does a flawed scientist use when thinking about the behavior of others? [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. 23417270. free . CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R Introducing Cram Folders! The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. who has been shaped as a cognitive miser, now engages in shallow deliberative processes. /ExtGState << /F2 22 0 R /Tabs /S endobj The cognitive miser theory is an umbrella theory of cognition that brings together previous research on heuristics and attributional biases to explain when and why people are cognitive misers. De Neys . 21 0 obj I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. System 2 may also have no clue to the error. x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F /F1 21 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R << Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. /F4 24 0 R concept, type of stimulus). /F1 21 0 R What variables influence whether or not people conform? Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. 333 0 R 334 0 R 335 0 R 336 0 R 337 0 R 338 0 R 339 0 R 340 0 R 341 0 R 342 0 R /ExtGState << 10 0 obj 124 0 R 125 0 R 126 0 R 127 0 R 128 0 R 129 0 R 130 0 R 131 0 R 132 0 R 133 0 R Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is Copyright 2009-2022, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. >> [2] According to this theory, people employ either shortcuts or thoughtful analysis based upon the context and salience of a particular issue. [5][page needed] CallUrl('en>wikipedia>org> By James M. Olson, Mark P. Zanna, C. Peter Herman. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Personality has been conceptualised from a variety of theoretical perspectives, and at various levels of abstraction and breadth. What kinds of errors occur when we don't process all relevant information? 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R [12], The study of attributions had two effects: it created further interest in testing the naive scientist and opened up a new wave of social psychology research that questioned its explanatory power. /Font << [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. Once a category is activated we tend t see members as possessing all the When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. 0 0 0 0 0 500 0 444 500 444 We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. -Flawed scientists: controlled processing, consistency, distinctive, consensus (deeper thinking). 3 0 obj /Tabs /S What is a meta-analysis? Aug 2016. How does holistic thinking differ from analytical thinking? endobj << -Door in the face: have someone respond negatively to a negative request, then positively to a smaller one /StructParents 6 People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. -"Blacks should not push themselves where they are not wanted" (1/5) Does a cognitive miser use automatic processing (system 1/intuitive) or controlled processing (or system 2/analytical/)? << /S /Transparency [18] However, in relying upon heuristics instead of detailed analysis, like the information processing employed by Heider's nave scientist, biased information processing is more likely to occur.