b. Freud studies mainly "sick" people. Question 8. To overcome opposition forcefully. All of the following are examples of stage theories in development except _____. b) Motivator factors include a sense of achievement, recognition, and responsibility. They simply dont exert as much effort in this area as high-nAff people do. The possibilities are endless. That is, before one type of need can manifest itself, other needs must be satisfied. e) Frederick Herzberg. They constantly ask how they are doing, sometimes to the point of being a nuisance. https://www.employeebenefits.co.uk/issues/april-2017/rbs-boosts-employee-motivation-engagement-csr-approach/, Bombas. a) It is a content theory of motivation. ______________ is classified as a content theory. An example of commutative justice occurs when all parties in a sexual harassment complaint perceive themselves as having full access to all the available facts and information. To submit passively to external force. d) It holds that people try to resolve the inequities they perceive they are experiencing. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. e. acquired-needs theory. d) power esteem, social, and Why or why not? b) hygiene factors are sources of job dissatisfaction. Hygienes can cause dissatisfaction if they are not present in sufficient levels. Content theories of work motivation include all of the following except the _____ theory. Although the New Yorkbased company is still growing, as of October 2017 Bombas had donated more than four million pairs of socks (Bombas 2017). Henry A. Murray recognized this problem and condensed the list into a few instinctive and learned needs.3 Instincts, which Murray called primary needs, include physiological needs for food, water, sex (procreation), urination, and so on. Satisfaction and dissatisfaction are on different scales in his view. According to the company website, Bombas exists to help solve this problem, to support the homeless community, and to bring awareness to an under-publicized problem in the United States (n.p.). The theories presented in this section focus on the importance of human needs. psychopharmacology j. a) It is not pertinent for cultures outside of the United States. Bhattacharya credits the success of Unilever, and other companies with similar engagement levels, to an emphasis on a sustainable business model. He outlines eight steps that companies take to move sustainability and social responsibility from buzzwords to a company mission capable of motivating employees (Knowledge @ Wharton 2016). b) The theory has been scientifically verified with methods other than the original. ERG also focuses attention explicitly on movement through the set of needs in both directions. Pattern B. Rhythmicity C. Dependency D. Open system Answer Key 3. The distinction between instinctive and learned needs sometimes blurs; for example, is our need to socialize with other people instinctive or learned? The two main psychological developmental theories include continuous and discontinuous development. 53. To accomplish something difficult. The general strategy for the practical application of situational theories includes all of the following except? Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT: a) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. b.) A disaster may be caused by nature or have human origins c. A disaster always receives widespread media coverage. Champions for the effort must be found throughout the organization, not just at the top. Because meeting these needs provides satisfaction, they motivate workers. liaison c) Its essence is that perceived inequity is a motivating state. A near-death experience (NDE) is a profound personal experience associated with death or impending death which researchers claim share similar characteristics.When positive, such experiences may encompass a variety of sensations including detachment from the body, feelings of levitation, total serenity, security, warmth, the experience of absolute dissolution, and the presence of a light. See Answer. To quit embarrassing situations or to avoid conditions that may lead to belittlement or the scorn or indifference of others. Again, there are no easy answers. Need-based theories describe motivated behavior as individual efforts to meet needs. So, when is this need good, and when is it bad? a) Acquired needs theory b) Social They include such needs as the need for achievement, for love, and for affiliation (see Table 14.1).4. To avoid pain, physical injury, illness, and death. McClelland describes three major characteristics of high-nAch people: Why is nAch important to organizational behavior? It is critical, however, that those managerial jobs allow the employee to satisfy the nPow through social power acquisition. 56. Job context factors include all of the following except. evolution, theory in biology postulating that the various types of plants, animals, and other living things on Earth have their origin in other preexisting types and that the distinguishable differences are due to modifications in successive generations. How does this pay structure relate to self-determination theory (SDT)? It doesnt matter whether the information implies success or failure. c) affiliation c) reinforcers Because when he digs a hole, he gets results. c. mainly by accident. Instead, they prefer situations where the outcome is uncertain, but in which they believe they can succeed if they exert enough effort. Content theories explain work motivation in terms of what arouses, energizes, or initiates employee behavior. So what motivates employees to give their all, work creatively, and be fully engaged? The second set of needs he termed hygienes. Hygienes relate to the work environment and are based in the basic human need to avoid pain. According to Herzberg, growth needs motivate us to perform well and, when these needs are met, lead to the experience of satisfaction. David C. McClelland and his associates (especially John W. Atkinson) built on the work of Murray for over 50 years. d) understand individual employee needs and create work environments that respond to them. McClellands other power seeker is the social power seeker. c) People who feel they are overpaid tend to decrease the quantity or quality of their work, whereas people who feel they are underpaid tend to increase the quantity or quality of their work. To separate oneself from a negatively valued object. These outside the person factors are extrinsic rewards. Webinars can also be accessed in recorded form at any time 24/7 during the 6-week session. Which of the following is classified as a content theory? a) Abraham Maslow The theory of evolution is one of the fundamental keystones of modern biological theory.. c) Goals are most likely to lead to higher performance when people have the abilities and the feelings of self-efficacy required to accomplish them. the consequences of an individual's behavior. 36. If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a print format, Task feedback, or knowledge of results, overwhelms employees with information and reduces employee motivation toward higher performance. Question 16:- All of the following are content theories except: a) operant conditioning b) SDT theory c) ERG theory d) Motivator/Hygiene theory . b) People with a high need for power are drawn to interpersonal relationships and opportunities for communication. d) affiliation. Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT: e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory. d. A disaster may have a known and gradual onset Disasters frequently result in all of the following EXCEPT a. ______________ is classified as a content theory. Match each vocabulary term to its definition. a) Self-actualization To get free, shake off restraint, break out of confinement. When we are hungry, for example, our need for food has been energized. d) goals that are easily stated in objective terms. 6. e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory. b) sense of achievement. Accounting and Finance Political Theory (PLH-1) Criminal Law - II (0303) Masters of Business Administration export import (1723) Bsc Nursing (BNurs2011) Bachelors of Business Administration in Finance & Investment Analysis (BBA1) MBA (33A) Contract (140) MBA (CRIM) Bachler of art (eli) English (BCA302) Mechanical Engineering (BE MECH) Trending a) Safety b) Equity, reinforcers, and goals and you must attribute OpenStax. This makes nAch a personality trait as well as a statement about motivation. Manny is classified as driven by a need for: The first of these, satisfaction progression, is in basic agreement with Maslows process of moving through the needs. To form and further an erotic relationship. Manifest needs theory laid the groundwork for later theories, most notably McClellands learned needs theory, that have greatly influenced the study of organizational behavior. 57. d) improving hygiene factors will prevent people from being dissatisfied. http://www.businessinsider.com/bombas-athletic-sock-review-2017-1. Jason Mackenzie Alexander argues morality is a form of social technology - it is context specific and it can go out-of-date Content theories of motivation mainly focus on the physiological and psychological deficiencies that people feel a compulsion to reduce or eliminate. To conceal or justify a misdeed, failure, or humiliation. Think of this in terms of hobbies. An invoice of $3168 from Scottish Importers has cash terms of 4/20 EOM and is dated June 5. e) ERG, 68. Self-determination theory (SDT) seeks to explain not only what causes motivation, but also how extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation.17 In SDT, extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain some valued outcome, while intrinsic motivation refers to performing an activity for the inherent satisfaction of the activity itself. exports to Europe? citation tool such as, Authors: David S. Bright, Anastasia H. Cortes. The second component, frustration, occurs when we attempt but fail to satisfy a particular need. identify relevant leadership behaviors. The nAff has important implications for organizational behavior. e) Motivation, If the average worker can produce 25 ornaments an hour, which goal is likely to lead to the best performance? There are four major process theories: (1) operant conditioning, (2) equity, (3) goal, and (4) expectancy. a) Individualistic b) satisfier factors c.) Expectancy d) Goal setting 58. b) Physiological A manifest need is whatever need is motivating us at a given time. b) Stajkovic, Locke, and Blair Process theories of motivation attempt to explain this aspect of motivation by focusing on the intensity of motivation as well as its direction. c) Expectancy an individual's choice when presented with a number of possible alternatives. e) Self-actualization and physiological. e) Less difficult goals are more likely to lead to higher performance than are more difficult goals. But most of us dont steal. 61. Since content theories suggest that motivation results from individual needs, managers should __________. A person can resolve perceived negative inequity by doing all of the following EXCEPT: To oppose forcefully or punish another. The uncollectible percentage is 5.5%. Content theories are also sometimes called needs theories. 52. c) achievement. According to McClelland, Joanna has a high need for _____________. c) Do your best __________ is the process of developing, negotiating, and formalizing the targets or objectives that a person is responsible for accomplishing. One major problem with the need approach to motivation is that we can make up a need for every human behavior. Why might concentrating on motivators give better results? A high-nPow person may try to convince others to do things that are detrimental to the organization. e) The theory fails and does not clearly categorize salary. b) It should be consistent across different cultures. c) McClelland's acquired needs theory. Unilever employees more than 170,000 workers globally and has an employ engagement level around 80 percent. Find (a) the final date on which the cash discount may be taken and (b) the amount necessary to pay the invoice in full if the cash discount is earned. a) Acquired needs theory b) Motivation = expectancy X equity X rewards e) Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The person may not have had the opportunity to express the need. b) goal-oriented punishments. Process theories of motivation focus on which of the following? 67. The need for achievement varies in intensity across individuals. According to Alderfer, which needs reflect a desire for satisfying interpersonal relationships? To excite, amaze, fascinate, entertain, shock, intrigue, amuse, or entice others. Some jobs are by their very nature uninteresting and unlikely to be made interesting. c.) Teachable When theyre present in sufficient quantities, we avoid dissatisfaction, but they do not contribute to satisfaction. To master or make up for a failure by restriving. To ask or answer general questions. According to Maslow, Sharon is driven by which these needs? We are not born with a high (or low) need for achievementwe learn to need success (or failure). c) Two-factor theory a. losing one's family b. shame c. arrest d. losing a job, All of the . Motivators relate to job content. b. To snub or jilt an object. c) supervision. Herzberg recommends using _________ to build motivators into job content. Otherwise, a manager high in nPow may satisfy this need through acquisition of personal power, to the detriment of the organization. a) expectancies c) the satisfaction of a need at one level will always decrease its importance and increase the importance of the next lower need. Which of the following content theories of motivation is associated with the needs for achievement, affiliation, and power? 35. When extrinsic rewards are present, people do not feel like what they do builds competence, is self-determined, or enhances relationships with others. To revenge an injury. c) Safety, self-actualization, and social c) Higher-order needs become more important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. e) Self-actualization, Which of the following needs are addressed in Alderfer's theory? According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following factors are the sources of job satisfaction? All of the following characteristics apply to the prokaryotes except A. Prep for a quiz or learn for fun!. c) Assumed positive inequity McClellands research differs from Murrays in that McClelland studied three needs in depth: the need for achievement, the need for affiliation, and the need for power (often abbreviated, in turn, as nAch, nAff, and nPow).5 McClelland believes that these three needs are learned, primarily in childhood. d) Felt positive inequity Joanna likes attention and is driven by seeking influence over others. a) the length of time a person sticks with a given action e) relatedness factors. To better understand the nAch motive, its helpful to describe high-nAch people. e) the consequences of an individual's behavior, b) the amount of effort a person puts forth. e) improving hygiene factors will make people satisfied with their work. Which one of the following statements about the application and/or implications of equity theory is false? To make an impression. Question 16 Characteristics of "good" theories discussed in class include all of the following, except: A good theory should be clearly stated All else constant, the simplest possible explanation for a phenomenon is preferable O A good theory does not need to be rigorously tested Its constructs should be able to be operationalized A good theory should include all important predictor variables Bitcoin or net neutrality, sea levels or factory farmingsocial causes bind us to a larger context or assume a higher purpose for living better. Rays beginning and ending accounts receivables balances are $147,990 and$142,720, respectively. In response, the two entrepreneurs launched a line of socks that not only reinvents the sock (they claim), but also helps those in need. That is, SDT posits that extrinsic rewards not only do not provide intrinsic motivation, they diminish it. c) ERG theory contends that more than one need may be activated at a particular point in time, whereas Maslow's theory does not. Those are the needs at the bottom of the pyramid (physiological, safety, and security). Once satisfied, challenging jobs, additional responsibilities, and prestigious job titles can help employees satisfy higher-order esteem needs. 66. Relatively high pay is necessary to sustain performance on certain low-skill jobs. Factors inside the person that cause people to perform tasks, intrinsic motivation, arise out of performing a task in and of itself, because it is interesting or fun to do. They feel personally responsible for completing whatever tasks they are assigned. Intrinsic rewards satisfy higher-order needs like relatedness and growth in ERG theory. b) improved working conditions The content theories of motivation include all of the following EXCEPT: a. hierarchy of needs theory. b.) Question 17:- Managerial implications for the SDT theory include: a) to motivate high performance for uninteresting jobs make performance contingent on extrinsic rewards. In expectancy theory, instrumentality is the probability that work effort will be followed by a given level of performance accomplishment. To have sexual intercourse. The task is enjoyable, so we continue to do it even in the absence of extrinsic rewards. a) Expectations, relationships, and goals As a result, they perform better in jobs that require teamwork. a. SDT researchers have consistently found that as the level of extrinsic rewards increases, the amount of intrinsic motivation decreases. To act for fun without further purpose. c.) relatedness e) relatedness. Achievement needs become manifest when individuals experience certain types of situations. b) self esteem Identify situational conditions. To surrender. Rays sold $3,745,060 of merchandise, of which 50% was on credit. b) 25 A problem often discussed in the engineering economy literature is the "oil-well pump problem." a) expectancy c) The theory does not account for regression. According to Maslow, lower-level needs must be satisfied before high-level needs can be achieved. A reclusive accountant may not have been given the opportunity to demonstrate their need for achievement because they never received challenging assignments. d) Hygiene factors contribute to job satisfaction. c) leaving the situation. The cell theory includes all of the following EXCEPT: a) All living things are composed of cells. d) Goal setting Needs must be maintained (we must continue to eat occasionally). The implications of Maslows theory for organizational behavior are as much conceptual as they are practical. d) Motivation = expectancy X rewards X valence To exclude, abandon, expel, or remain indifferent to an inferior object. d) psychologically distorting the comparisons. 47. d) Social b) Social Instead, create even more opportunities for employees to satisfy their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. a. a) MBO a) opportunity for advancement. b.) The Anti-Immigration Protests. We say these people have a high achievement motive. All of the following statements describe hygiene factors in the two-factor theory EXCEPT: According to Bhattacharya, a company needs to first define what it does and its long-term purpose, and then reconcile its sustainability goals with its economic goals. Apparently, people dont go through the five levels in a fixed fashion. cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)b. d. The theory is unscientific. Long since displaced by more refined theories, hedonism clarifies the idea that needs provide direction for motivation. When nAch is being expressed, making it a manifest need, people try hard to succeed at whatever task theyre doing. It basically states that people will do those things for which they are rewarded and will avoid doing things for which they are punished. Once satisfied, we focus on our ego and esteem needs. b) ERG e) working longer hours. c) ERG theory contends that more than one need may be activated at a particular point in time, whereas Maslow's theory does not. c) David McClelland Two features of needs are key to understanding motivation. On the other hand, SDT would suggest that to enhance intrinsic motivation on jobs that are interesting, dont focus only on increasing extrinsic rewards (like large pay bonuses). To have ones needs gratified by the sympathetic aid of an allied object. d) Herzberg's two-factor theory. b) valence c) Existence, relatedness, and growth a. To seek enjoyable relaxation from stress. They look at motivation from the perspective of our needs and aspirations. then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, b) Esteem, safety, social, physiological, and self-actualization Clayton Alderfer observed that very few attempts had been made to test Maslows full theory. b. through empirical analysis. c) affiliation Drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress. Which of the following comparisons of Alderfer's ERG theory and Maslow's needs hierarchy is correct? existence Even if the virtues in different cultural contexts have the same name, like "honesty" or "justice," they may well be different in their essential content. a) achievement Researchers have used it to identify the wide range of factors that influence worker reactions. a) Distributive justice Which of the following theory has used "General Systems Theory" as a framework for its development? b) Higher-order needs become less important as individuals move up the corporate ladder. Hedonism, one of the first motivation theories, assumes that people are motivated to satisfy mainly their own needs (seek pleasure, avoid pain). Maslow was a psychologist who, based on his early research with primates (monkeys), observations of patients, and discussions with employees in organizations, theorized that human needs are arranged hierarchically. To feed, help, support, console, protect, comfort, nurse, heal. Maslow went on to propose five basic types of human needs. Further, the evidence accumulated provided only partial support. d) valences financial assets include all of the following, except? true. Teleological theories include all of the following except A) Ethical egoism B) Utilitarianism C) Altruism D)Ethical egalitarianism Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 42 D Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by Vickemz Terms in this set (42) Teleological theories include all of the following except A) Ethical egoism a) Hygiene factors include achievement and recognition. d) interactional justice Which of the following is true of the use of Maslow's needs hierarchy? Content theories include all of the following theories EXCEPT: a) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. a) Motivation = expectancy X instrumentality X valence 2017. This company spent two years perfecting gym socks, and it paid off. Business Insider. e) Hygiene factors include working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary. e) Hygiene factors include working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary. b. integrative. c) sense of responsibility. behavioral. b) Cells pass on genetic material to daughter cells during cell division. As a manager at Icon International, Nicole is driven by a personal sense of competence, respect from others, and recognition through various awards. e.) growth, The ERG theory contends that __________. As we increasingly satisfy our existence needs, we direct energy toward relatedness needs. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. They do it because it is intrinsically motivating; the hobby satisfies needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Question 1 All of the following are criticisms of Freud's theory EXCEPT: Answers: Selected Answer: c. He relied on correlational methods. c) more than one need may be activated at the same time A. Hierarchy-of-needs B.Two-factor motivation C. Achievement motivation D. Equit y The text focuses on three content theories that have received the greatest amount of attention: the hierarchy-of-needs theory, the two-factor motivation theory, and the achievement motivation theory. 2017. RBS boosts employee motivation and engagement through its CSR approach. employee benefits. c) Two-factor theory You can think of content theories of motivation as focusing on WHAT will motivate us. The theory of multiple intelligences, developed by Howard Gardner, posits that humans can possess eight different types of intelligence: musical-rhythmic, visual-spatial, verbal-linguistic, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic. Effective managers carefully assess the degree to which people have high or low nAff. C) an effort toward creating goals. c) Expectancy e) Locke and Latham's goal setting theory. Theyre more likely to go bowling with friends after work than to go home and watch television. Why is this? __________ is classified as a process theory. According to Maslow, when lower-level needs are reactivated, we once again concentrate on that need. a) difficult goals lead to higher performance than "do your best" or easy goals a) Motivator factors are related to job content. SDT would suggest that the primary way to motivate high performance for such jobs is to make performance contingent on extrinsic rewards. d. Appraisal of the empirical evidence for and against the selected theory for the case at hand. b. ERG theory. insight therapies a. c) top-down goals. e) Reinforcement. b) Hierarchy of needs theory A disaster may be domestic or international b. D) a constant intensity. This process was adopted and provided a safer and more efficient way to maintain and clean New York City's sprawling subway. That is, we lose interest in the higher-level needs when lower-order needs are energized. The need for affiliation contributes to managerial success only in those situations where the maintenance of warm group relations is as important as getting others to work toward group goals. Because of Herzbergs work, organizations today realize the potential of motivators. SDT specifies when an activity will be intrinsically motivating and when it will not. a) 23 esteem (Points : 1) the length of time a person sticks with a given action. Murrays main premise was that people have a variety of needs, but only a few are expressed at a given time. c) internalized negative inequity AC78.6 ac midterm examinations theories. a) felt negative inequity But managers use theory every day. Theory choice. They differ in that they feel best when they have influenced a work group to achieve the groups goals, and not some personal agenda. To defend the self against assault, criticism, and blame. individual. Intense forms of dissatisfaction distract employees from important work-related activities and tend to be demotivating.16 Thus, managers should make sure that such basic needs as adequate pay, safe and clean working conditions, and opportunities for social interaction are met. The Victims' Rights Movement. c. He relied on correlational methods. d) It is more effective in non-United States cultures. d) improving hygiene factors will prevent people from being dissatisfied. Biology questions and answers. ) High need for achievement can also be important, but it sometimes results in too much concern for personal success and not enough for the employers success. Barton, Tynan. e) inducements. One wonders if athletes like Tim Tebow are self-actualizing when they participate in multiple sporting endeavors at the professional level. Clearly one of the most influential motivation theories throughout the 1950s and 1960s was Frederick Herzbergs motivator-hygiene theory.14 This theory is a further refinement of Maslows theory. The third of McClellands learned needs, the need for power (nPow), is the need to control things, especially other people. 48. Where would you place that on Maslows hierarchy of needs? Joanna likes attention and is driven by seeking influence over others. b. Adherence and familiarity with only one theory. You may have noticed that content theories are somewhat quiet about what determines the intensity of motivation. d.) esteem and physiological. reflection g. A therapy that uses secondary reinforcements to change behavior. How? The major implication for management is that some employee needs are latent. c) procedural justice Maslow's social needs tend to be more important in more collectivist societies like Mexico, thereby challenging the structured approach to the pyramid across cultures. Forming humanistic-altruistic value system . 51. a) People with a high need for achievement prefer individual responsibilities, challenging goals, and performance feedback. Genetic Theory of Aging. c) When a person will react to specific management styles d) the order of needs in the hierarchy may differ across cultures. c) performance is higher with easy goals A high social power seeker satisfies needs for power by influencing others, like the personal power seeker. Theyre constantly trying to accomplish something. Considerable numbers of studies have demonstrated that tasks are intrinsically motivating when they satisfy at least one of three higher-order needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Business Management Exam 1, Online Quizzes, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson. Organziational Behaviour, 7ce Chapter 4: Theories of Motivation Chapter 4 Theories of Motivation 4.1 Multiple-Choice Questions 1) Motivation is A) a component of ability, personal traits and desire. Sustainability should be visible both within and outside the company.