You can spot the mane on the neck. 1952 BRITISH EAST AFRICA SHILLING - AU/UNC - Rare African Coin - lot #F25. At the beginning of the 21st century, the Addis Ababa Zoo kept 16 adult lions. Various authors recognized between seven and 10 African lion subspecies. By contrast, subadult dispersing male lions avoided grasslands and shrublands, but moved in human-dominated areas to a larger extent. All rights reserved. The strategy envisages to maintain sufficient habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base, make lion-human coexistence sustainable and reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations. Elephants are mammals of the family Elephantidae and the largest existing land animals. An exceptionally heavy male nearMount Kenya National Parkweighed 272kg (600lb). Male lions killed in East Africa were less heavy than lions killed by hunters in Southern Africa. Mane colour varies from sandy, tawny, isabelline, light reddish yellow to dark brown and black. Democratic Republic of Congoin the 1990s during thefirstandsecond civil wars. All of a pride's lionesses are related, and female cubs typically stay with the group as they age. The national animal of Kenya is the East African lion, Panthera leo melanochaita, whse cinematic roar and lush mane make it a regal, magnificent sight.It is one of the "Big Five" game that was popularly hunted but are now poached illegally. This forum is about the natural world. Scientists therefore assume that the Ethiopian Highlands east and west of the Rift Valley is agenetic admixturezone between both phylogeographic groups. Males in Kruger National Park weighed between 200.01 and 188.55 kg (440.9 and 415.7 lb) on average, whereas females weighed between 143.52 and 118.37 kg (316.4 and 261.0 lb) on average, though there was an outbreak of tuberculosis in the park at the time. EALBIs personal care unit is involved in the manufacture of a range of personal care products. The name 'Simba' is a Swahili word for the lion, which also means 'aggressive', 'king' and 'strong'. Male lions grow a luxurious collar of long hair, called a "mane," around their necks. Kenyain the 1990s due to poisoning of lions and poaching of lion prey species. This business unit strives to meet the home care needs of all segments of society, with products and brands tailored accordingly. The Maasai lion was first presented . ICEA LION Group is a one-stop financial services provider offering innovative products and services in insurance, pensions, investments and trusts. In 2015 and 2017, two male lions, Cecil and his son Xanda, were killed by trophy hunters in Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park. It has a muscular, broad-chested body, short, rounded head, round ears, and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. East African lion - selected places of occurrence in Sudan, Where to next? An adult lions coat is yellow-gold, and juveniles have some light spots that disappear with age. It depicts a man being attacked by a lion, which was later killed by Uganda Peoples Defence Forces soldiers after the animal had spent days killing and eating people's livestock in villages in the western Uganda district of Kagadi. Lions have been around for a long time. An exceptionally heavy male lion near Mount Kenya weighed 272 kg (600 lb). There are 41 species across this family that includes tigers, mountain lions, and bobcats.Lions belong to the subfamily Pantherinae which includes tigers, jaguars, leopards, clouded leopards, and snow leopards. This photo was submitted to Your Shot, our photo community on Instagram. All rights reserved. Makgadikgadi Pans National Park and Central Kalahari Game Reserve are key dispersal areas in Southern Africa. Feliformia In the semi-arid savanna of Zimbabwe's Hwange National Park, 19 lions were radio-collared and tracked between 2002 and 2007. https://wildlife-animal-pedia.fandom.com/wiki/File:East_African_Lion_SFX.ogg The largest known lion measured 3.35 m (11.0 ft). African lions are classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN Red List assessment. Also available in the iTunes Store. In East and Southern Africa, lion populations declined in: Contemporary lion distribution and habitat quality in East and Southern Africa was assessed in 2005, and Lion Conservation Units (LCU) mapped. These groups genetically diverged between 50,000 and 200,000 years ago. In Africa, lions now occur in 8% of their historical range and are restricted mainly to protected areas and surrounding conservancies. Mismanaged hunting in the past has caused lions to disappear from some habitats, while hunters and those involved in the industry say hunting fees generate money for lion conservation. It is sexually dimorphic; adult male lions are larger than females and have a prominent mane. Lions belong to the big cat family - lions, tigers, leopards and jaguars - and are the second largest big cat in the world after the tiger. The lion is an animal symbol in shamanistic rituals of the Nuer people. The African lion was first described in 1758 by Carl Linnaeus in his book Systema Naturae. Designed by Techno Bros, Ethio-China Friendship Avenue KT-12 Building, 5th Floor, Fast Moving Consumer Goods & Agro-Processing Cluster, Cosmar East Africa Business Share Company. In the 1970s, the scientific name P. l. vernayi was considered synonymous with P. l. krugeri. They kept a constant lookout for circling vultures, apparently being aware that vultures indicate a dead animal. Long COVID patients turn to unproven treatments, Why evenings can be harder on people with dementia, This disease often goes under-diagnosedunless youre white, This sacred site could be Georgias first national park, See glow-in-the-dark mushrooms in Brazils other rainforest, 9 things to know about Holi, Indias most colorful festival, Anyone can discover a fossil on this beach. Kingdom Select at least two countries or territories to compare and see how they differ from each other. Two lion subspecies are now recognised: Genome-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan clustered with P. l. leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to P. l. melanochaita. Litters contained two to three cubs. Now about a hundred lions roam the reserve. In Serengeti National Park, monitoring of lion prides started in 1966. The latter have thinner manes, or are even completelymaneless. White lions were selected for breeding in captivity. Both Lions in Africa and Asia are in the Lion species of course, but Asiatic Lions are one subspecies while the Lions of Africa are divided into several subspecies. They were killed by George Gilman Rushby. In 2012, samples of lions kept at Sana'a Zoo in Yemen were found to cluster with those of lions from East and Southern Africa. Felidae The two subspecies breeds of lions are said to include the African lion or Panthera Leo and the Asiatic lion. The name 'Simba' is a Swahili word for the lion, which also means 'aggressive', 'king' and 'strong'. Lions living on isolated habitat patches exist in a matrix of less-preferred habitat. REQUEST FOR EXPRESSION OF INTEREST (EOI) East African Lion Brands Manufacturing S.C hereby invites qualified vendors with a valid license to submit their Expression of Interest for Provision of Customs Clearance, Freight Forwarding and Related Services in the import shipments of the company. Find out how many pounds of meat they devour, how loud their roars can be, and whether they are endangered. The subspecies includes previously recognized subspecies such as Massaica, which was originally described from the Tanganyika territory in East Africa. These iconic animals have powerful bodiesin the cat family, theyre second in size only to tigersand roars that can be heard from five miles away. 3. The Maasai lion or East African lion (Panthera leo nubica) is a subspecies of lion found in East Africa. In October 2005, a pride of up to 30 lions killed eight African bush elephants that were between four and eleven years old. There is one male, Chester, born in September 2010 and two females: Zuri, born in September 2010 and Asha, born in January of 2011. Operating Status Active. The EALBI has implemented the ISO 9001:2008 quality management system and continues to invest in modern technology for increased manufacturing capacity and efficiency. Until the late 20th century, mane colour and size was thought to be a distinct subspecific characteristic. Select at least two countries or territories to compare and see how they differ from each other. It was assumed that tropical rainforest and the East African Rift constituted major barriers between the two groups. The giraffe is an African artiodactyl mammal, the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant. East African Mammals, An Atlas of Evolution in Africa . It is believed to have killed and eaten at least 35people in a series of incidents covering several villages in the coastal of this region. They have been bred in South African camps for use as trophies to be killed during canned hunts. It has also been referred to as 'Eastern-Southern African lion', 'Southern lion', and as 'southern subspecies'. Between 2008 and 2013, bones and body parts from at least 2621 individual lions were exported from South Africa to Southeast Asia, and another 3437 lion skeletons between 2014 and 2016. Africa Lions are nocturnal animals and live in a variety of habitats. Panthera leo melanochaita Felis (Leo) melanochaitus was the scientific name proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. Helping humans learn how to live with lions is key to ensuring their survival. Establishing corridors between protected areas is important for facilitating dispersal of lions. It has rounded ears and a black tail tuft. Legal Name East African Lion Brands Manufacturing Share Company. The Northeast African cheetah is a cheetah subspecies occurring in Northeast Africa. Panthera leo melanochaita is a lion subspecies in Southern and East Africa. Unauthorized use is prohibited. Mane colour varies from sandy, tawny, isabelline, light reddish yellow to dark brown and black. African Lion (Panthera leo krugeri) Mammal Africa The Zoo is home to three adult African lions that arrived in December 2011 from an animal park outside Pretoria, South Africa. Mammalia East African lion Male lions in coalitions are closely related. The modern lion was probably widely distributed in Africa during the Middle Pleistocene and started to diverge in sub-Saharan Africa during the Late Pleistocene. Contact Email biruk.tolera@ealbi.com. IUCN regional offices and many wildlife conservation organisations cooperated to develop a Lion Conservation Strategy for Eastern and Southern Africa in 2006. Our diversified product portfolio includes laundry soaps, beauty soaps, powder detergents and detergent cakes. In July 2018, human remains were found in the lion enclosure of a privately owned reserve in South Africa. But it's also beautiful if you check out the male lion. The Watermark Business Park Ndege Rd Karen. Since the turn of the 21st century, lion populations in intensively managed protected areas in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe have increased, but declined in East African range countries. Aman-eatinglion was killed by game scouts in Southern Tanzania in April 2004. In February 2018, the carcasses of two male and four female lions were found dead in Ruaha National Park, and were suspected to have died of poisoning. Lion samples from Gabon's Batk Plateau National Park and Odzala-Kokoua National Park in Republic of the Congo were found to be genetically closely related to lion samples from Namibia and Botswana. We are one of the largest providers of insurance and financial services in East Africa with well-established operations in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania. This indicates that Central Africa was a melting pot of lion populations after they had become isolated. In places where prey is readily available, lions would rest for up to 22 hours, and hunt for only 2 hours. Genetic exchanges between populations in the Cape, Kalahari and Transvaal Province regions and farther east are considered having been possible through a corridor between the Great Escarpment and the Indian ocean. In the 19th and 20th centuries, lion type specimen were described on the basis of mane size and colour. In Botswana's Chobe National Park, lions also prey on African bush elephants (Loxodonta africana). Between 1966 and 1972, two observed lion prides comprised between seven and 10 females each. Male lion coalitions were more successful in taking over prides than single males. In other East African cultures, it symbolizes laziness. But the species has disappeared from 94 percent of its historic range and can only be found today in parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Class Fearing that lions will prey on their livestock, which can be a significant financial blow, ranchers may kill the animals both in retaliation and as a preventative measure, sometimes using pesticides as poison. During the 20th century, lion populations in this part of Africa became fragmented and declined in several range countries due to loss of habitat and prey base, poaching and killing of lions to protect livestock and human life. Lions living near ranches in the vicinity of Tsavo East National Park consisted of three prides, two pairs and a single lion in 2002. Lions usually hunt in groups and prey foremost on ungulates such as gemsbok (Oryx gazella), Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), common eland (Tragelaphus oryx), greater kudu (T. strepsiceros), nyala (T. angasii), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), sable antelope (H. niger), plains zebra (Equus quagga), bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus), common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), hartebeest (Alcephalus buselaphus), common tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus), waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), kob (K. kob) and Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii). Although lions and their prey are officially protected in Tsavo National Parks, they are regularly killed by local people, with over 100 known lion killings between 2001 and 2006. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around South Africa's Kruger National Park and the adjacent Timbavati Private Game Reserve. Tanzania (between 1930s and 1940s) was inflicted by a pride known as the "Njombe lions". In the early 21st century, Mazk's hypothesis about a geographically isolated evolution of the Cape lion was challenged. In the Serengeti National Park, lion prides have been monitored since 1966. Of these, 35 coalitions included male lions that were born in the area but had left and returned after about two years of absence. Explore Chad - a country in the region worth visiting or use the destination finder. These animals can sniff it out. P. leo Local communities in several Southern African lion range countries generate significant income through wildlife tourism, which is a strong incentive for their support of conservation measures. In 2003, 50 lions were radio-collared in Hwange National Park and tracked until 2012. Scientific Name Mane length apparently signals fighting success in malemale relationships. Status The lion is featured as an animal symbol in East Africa. This East African species is described as being from 'Nubia', and has longer legs and less curvier backs than other species. They were over twice as large as today's lions, and at that time were not restricted to Africa. With less food available in the wild, lions may be more likely to turn to hunting domesticated animals like livestock. In 2016, IUCN Red List assessors subsumed all African lion populations to P. l. leo. Lion populations in Southern and East Africa were referred to by several regional names, including Katanga lion, Transvaal lion, Kalahari lion, Southeast African lion, and Southwest African lion, Masai lion, Serengeti lion, Tsavo lion and Uganda lion. These activities along with habitat fragmentation and loss have resulted in the endangerment of East African lions. Prey base depletion, loss and conversion of habitat have led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated. Female lions also raise their cubs communally. Two or more prides shared home ranges. They host more than 500 individuals each, and the population trend is stable. While this dichotomy resulted in the Red List status of lions . The lion's fur varies in colour from light buff to dark brown. They successfully attacked 74 elephants between 1993 and 1996, of which 26 were older than nine years, and one bull over 15 years old. The lion's fur varies in colour from light buff to dark brown. Mane development is related to age: older males have more extensive manes than younger ones; manes continue to grow up to the age of four to five years, long after lions become sexually mature. RF MA7YY8 - The East African lion is a lion population located primarily in East Africa. Litters contained two to three cubs. Previous research has already suggested that lions in West and Central Africa are smaller in size and weight, have smaller manes, live in smaller groups, eat smaller prey and may also differ in. Of 87 cubs born until 1970, only 12 reached the age of two years. Nevertheless, 17 births have been recorded in five different prides between 2007 and 2015. Female lions are the pride's primary hunters and leaders. Suborder It was assumed that tropical rainforest and the East African Rift constituted major barriers between the two groups. Pantherinae Mane length varies from short to extending to knee joints and under the belly. The Njombe lions were a lion pride in Njombe in former Tanganyika, which are thought to have preyed on 1,500 to 2,000 people. Panthera leo melanochaita is a lion subspecies in Southern and East Africa. Of these, 35 coalitions included male lions that were born in the area but had left and returned after about two years of absence. In the 19th and 20th centuries, lion type specimens were described on the basis of their mane size and colour. IF you are an Ethiopian or you live in Ethiopia, this an opportunity for you to get recruited. The type specimen for P. l. melanochaita was a black-maned lion from the Cape of Good Hope, known as the Cape lion. Further fueling this conflict between lions and humans is the loss of prey across the species range. are extremely high in West Africa with an estimated 80% decline over the last 20 years and about a 50% decline in East Africa over the same time period, whereas lion populations . Lion samples from Gabon's Batk Plateau National Park and Odzala-Kokoua National Park in Republic of the Congo were found to be genetically closely related to lion samples from Namibia and Botswana. It has normal pigmentation in eyes and skin. The African lion is the only big cat listed on CITES Appendix II, and the only one for which international commercial trade is legal under CITES. The East African or Masai lion is found in East Africa from Ethiopia and Kenya to Tanzania and Mozambique. Chordata In 1975, Vratislav Mazk hypothesized that the Cape lion evolved geographically isolated from other populations by the Great Escarpment. The trade in lion body parts, and especially the contentious trade in bones from South Africa to Asia, . The mane colour is also influenced by nutrition andtestosterone. Male lions in coalitions are closely related. 154 relations. Phylogeographic analysis of lion samples from Gabon and the Republic of the Congo indicate their close genetic relation to P. l. melanochaita samples from Namibia and Botswana. High-quality East African Lion Tapestries designed and sold by artists. It can come in brown or black color. Lions usually hunt in groups and prey foremost on ungulates such as gemsbok (Oryx gazella), Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), common eland (Tragelaphus oryx), greater kudu (T. strepsiceros), nyala (T. angasii), roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), sable antelope (H. niger), plains zebra (Equus quagga), bushpig (Potamochoerus larvatus), common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), hartebeest (Alcephalus buselaphus), common tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus), waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus), kob (K. kob) and Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii). The role trophy hunting plays is controversial. Quickly and easily calculate foreign exchange rates. In East and Southern Africa, lion populations declined in: Contemporary lion distribution and habitat quality in East and Southern Africa was assessed in 2005, and Lion Conservation Units (LCU) mapped. White lions were selected for breeding in captivity. Lastly, there are East African lions ( P. l. nubica ). Our machinery fulfill our groups packaging requirements and serve external customers. These lions mainly stick to the grasslands, scrub, or open woodlands where they can more easily hunt their prey, but they can live in most habitats aside from tropical rainforests and deserts. Its scientific name is Panthera leo. bookings@eastafrican.com. Cubs died due to starvation in months when large prey was not available, or following take-over of the prides by new males. Tap to inquire. Also Known As EALBM, East African Lion Brands Manufacturing. Masai Lion: An exceptionally heavy male lion near Mount Kenya weighed 272 kg (600 lb). Known as the East African lion Northeastern and East Africa Proposed races: massaica, somaliensis, and roosevelti P. l. senegalensis (Meyer 1826) West Africa, east to the Central African Republic P. l. persica (Meyer 1826) Known as the Asian lion Restricted to the Gir Forest, India In the 19 th century, ranged from Iraq to central India Phylum Nomadic coalitions became resident at between 3.5 and 7.3 years of age. Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera in 1930, when he wrote about Asiatic lions. Several cases of lion attacking people have been documented: In Africa, lions are threatened by pre-emptive killing or in retaliation for preying on livestock. The strategy envisages to maintain sufficient habitat, ensure a sufficient wild prey base, make lion-human coexistence sustainable and reduce factors that lead to further fragmentation of populations. Their whitish fur is a rare morph caused by a double recessive allele. Panthera leo melanochaita , which is lions from Southwest Africa and Eastern and Southern Africa subpopulations.. In 2005, a Lion Conservation Strategy was developed for East and Southern Africa. According to IUCN assessments, the worrying decline in African lion numbers in West, Central, and East Africa meets Endangered criteria. It is an adoptable animal in all three main Zoo Tycoon installments, as well as most of the side-games. Comparative Analysis of African and Asiatic Lions There is a world somewhere between reality and fiction. Between 2002 and 2012, educated guesses for size of populations in these LCUs ranged from 33,967 to 32,000 individuals. Felis (Leo) melanochaitus was the scientific name proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. The hunterGeorge Rushbyeventually dispatched the pride, which over three generations is thought to have killed and eaten 1,500 to 2,000 people inNjombedistrict. Find premium, high-resolution stock photography at Getty Images. . Neumann first described the Masai lion as being less cobby with longer legs and . The Official National Animal of Kenya. Tanzania's Serengeti and Kenya's Masai Mara host the annual Great Migration, a unique spectacle that occurs as huge herds of wildebeests and zebras follow the fresh grazing that sprouts in the wake of the annual rains. Their skulls and skins are part of the zoological collection of the. Lion bones are used to replace tiger bones in traditional Asian medicines. In 1939, the American zoologist Allen also recognized F. l. bleyenberghi, F. l. krugeri and F. l. vernayi as valid subspecies in Southern Africa, and F. l. hollisteri, F. l. nyanzae and F. l. massaica as valid subspecies in East Africa. They kept a constant lookout for circling vultures, apparently being aware that vultures indicate a dead animal. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott recognized only two lion subspecies in the Palearctic realm, namely the African P. l. leo and the Asiatic P. l. persica. Results show that adult male and female lions preferred grassland and shrubland habitat, but avoided woodlands and areas with high human density. Subfamily In 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognized P. l. bleyenberghi, P. l. krugeri, P. l. vernayi, P. l. massaica, P. l. hollisteri and P. l. nyanzae as valid taxa. White lions have occasionally been encountered in and around South Africa's Kruger National Park and the adjacent Timbavati Private Game Reserve. For a subsequent study, also eight wild lion samples from theEthiopian Highlandswere included in the analysis. Cub mortality in particular is high. Results of genetic analyses indicate that the species comprises two main evolutionary groups, one in Southern and East Africa, and the other in the northern and eastern parts of its historical range. Prides are family units that may comprise anywhere from two to 40 lionsincluding up to to three or four males, a dozen or so females, and their young. TheEast African lionis aPanthera leo melanochaitapopulationinEast Africa. East Africa Panthera Leo Melanochaita includes: Southwest African Lion: The Katanga lion or the Southwest African lion inhabits Angola, Zaire, West Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Northern Botswana. African lions prey on large herbivores, a population thats being hunted for an increasingly commercial bushmeat trade. Metapopulation analysis can provide insight into the dynamics of each . Website https://eastafricanlionbrands.com/ Industries Manufacturing Company size 1,001-5,000 employees Headquarters Bishoftu, Bishoftu/Liben Chuqala/oromia Type Partnership Specialties home care. Four of these samples clustered with samples from Central Africa, and four with samples from East Africa, indicating that the Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia was not a complete barrier to gene flow. In 2006, a Lion Conservation Strategy for East and Southern Africa was developed in cooperation betweenIUCNregional offices and several wildlife conservation organisations. East African Lion Brands Manufacturing invites competent and qualified candidates for the following positions. In this part of Africa, lion populations are regionally extinct in Lesotho, Djibouti and Eritrea, and threatened by loss of habitat and prey base, killing by local people in retaliation for loss of livestock, and in several countries also by trophy hunting. Faeces of lions collected near waterholes in Hwange National Park also contained remains of climbing mice (Dendromus) and common mice (Mus). Copyright 2023 East African Holding . Scientists analysed between 32 and 480 lion samples from up to 22 countries. Tel: +254 (0) 725 305 305. Lion prides avoided acacia woodlands and preferred habitats near water courses with short grasses, where also prey species gathered. Diet The lion eats on a "feast or famine" regime. Baycourt Upper Floor Suite 3 & 4. In Botswana's Chobe National Park, lions also prey on African bush elephants (Loxodonta africana). The African Lion is the second largest species of extant cat, after the tiger. This specimen is described as being from "Nubia". Among six samples from captive lions that originated in Ethiopia, five samples clustered with samples from East Africa, but one clustered with samples from theSahel. The EALBI manufacturing facilities are in the Dukem ( Bishoftu ) Industrial Park, 70 acres of land area, about 40 Km west of Addis Ababa. The African lion is known as the King of Beasts . These animals have been categorized as Somali lions ( P. l. somaliensis ), Masai lions ( P. l. massaicus ), Serengeti lions ( P. l. massaicus ), Congo lions ( P. l. hollisteri ), and Abyssinian lions ( P. l. roosevelti ). Male East African lions are known for a great range ofmanetypes. Establishing corridors between protected areas is important for facilitating dispersal of lions. They have a rounded head, round ears, short fur, and a long tail with a tuft of hair at the end. Prey base depletion, loss and conversion of habitat have led to a number of subpopulations becoming small and isolated. When does spring start? The African lion can be found in the sub-Sahara in grasslands and semi-arid plains of the continent. They possibly migrated through corridors in the Nile Basin during the early Holocene. Despite its name, the species could also originally be found Europe and Asia, although only a small population in India now exists outside . This subspecies is relatively common and well protected in areas such as the Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. Its length is an indicator for age and fighting ability of the lion. Hence, lion manes reflect ambient temperature. In Somalia'sLower Shabeellearea, hunters kill female lions and collect cubs totradethem in wildlife markets, where they fetch at between US$ 500 and 600 per cub. Being one of the largest lions, they can reach lengths between 8.2 and 10.2 feet for males and 7.5 and 8.7 for females. Trophy hunting has contributed to population declines in Botswana, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Zambia.